| AB |
These are the two significant categories of immunity.
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Specific and Nonspecific |
| What is the difference between particular and nonspecific immunity? | Specific fights a particular thing and also nonspecific fights anything no itself |
| Cells provided for nonspecific immunity space ____. | Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and also natural killer cells. |
| These space the two cells for particular immunity. | B cells and T Cells |
| What are species of nonspecific immunity? | species resistance, mechanical and also chimcal barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis, herbal killer cells, interferon, and also complement |
| What is the an initial line of defense? | Skin and also mucus |
| What is the 2nd line the defense? | Inflammation |
| What room the 4 indications of inflammation. | Swelling, heat, redness, and pain |
| What is the most common form of phagocyte? | neutraphil |
| Anotehr surname for neutraphil is ____. | pus |
| These form of cells rest apart cells by damaging their plasma membranes. | Natural Killer Cells |
| They interfere with the viruses capacity to reason the disease. | Interferon |
| They caus eht rupture that the international cell. | Complement |
| What is the 3rd line the defense? | Specific Immunity |
| These cell are called cell-mediated immunity. | T cells |
| This is the key white blood cell. | Lymphocyte |
| What are the two varieties of antigens? | Self and also Non-self |
| Most antigens room what type? | Nonself |
| These hit diseases. | Antibodies |
| The finish of the antibody wher the epitope is, is called the what? | antigen binding site |
| A family members of cell which have actually all descended from one cell. | clone |
| What room pre-B cells? | inactive B cells |
| What activates a B cell? | a certain antigen |
| What determines what disease the antigen causes? | its epitope or shape |
| What room the two species of B cells that are developed when a B cell is activated? | plasma and memory |
| What form of B cell produces antibodies? | plama cell |
| Antibodies are likewise called what? | immunoglobulins |
| What room antibodies do from? | proteins and also amino acids |
| What shape is one antibody? | y shaped |
| What are the ends of an antibody called? | variable regions |
| Is it possible for B cells to produce antibodies versus themselves? | yes |
| The amount of antibodies developed in response to a inoculation is dubbed what? | antibody titer |
| A 2nd injection tht raises the antibody titer come a level that is much more likely to protect against infection is referred to as a ______. | booster shot |
| When an antibody and an antigen combine, it exposes what? | the complement binding site |
| What walk the complement protein do? | It drills feet in the antigen and also causes the cabinet to swell and burst. |
| T cells go to this before going to the lymph node. | thymus |
| After a T-cell pipeline the lymph node, whereby does it go? | to the spleen |
| With a T cell, the antigen must be gift by a ______ prior to the T cell will certainly fight it. | macrophage |
| Chemical messengers are dubbed _______. | lymphokines |
| What are the three varieties of T-cells? | Killer T, helper T, and suppressor T cells |
| These assist B cell to identify into plasma cells. | Helper T cells |
| These avoid B cabinet differentiation right into plasma cells. | Suppressor T cells, which space now called regulatory T cells. |
| What is the theory as to why cancer develops? | Everyone has it, but due to the fact that cancer cells produce self and also non-self antigens, it can fool the lymphocytes into not fighting the cancer. |
| What is the immune system's solution to a threat? | immune response |
| The research of immunity | immunology |
| Proteins that safeguard the human body from pathogens are referred to as ______. | antibodies |
| This transports escaped fluids ago into the blood. | lymphatic vessels |
| The fluid that continues to be in the organization spaces once blood is exchanged in the capillaries is called. | interstitial fluid |
| The buildup of liquid in the body is called | edema |
| What room the qualities of lymphatic vessels? | They type a one method system toward the heart, there is no pump |
| This drains lymph indigenous the ideal arm and also right side of the head and also thorax | right lymphatic duct |
| This receive lymph from the rest of the body | thoracic duct |
| These filter lymph before it is went back to the blood. | lymph nodes |
| These are huge cells the engulf and destroy international substances prior to it enters the blood. | macrophages |
| This is a type of white blood cell that is located in the lymph node. | lymphyocyte |
| What is one antigen? | a foreign substance in the body |
| What form are lymph nodes? | kidney-shaped |
| Is the circulation of lymph with a lymph node slow-moving or fast? | It is an extremely slow to enable lymphocytes and also macrophages time to do their functions. |
| This organ is situated on the left side of the abdomen and also filters blood, not lymph. | spleen |
| What is the many important function of the spleen? | To ruin worn out blood cells. |
| What body organ of the lymphatic system develops blood cells in the fetus and also serves as a hematopoietic site? | spleen |
| What two organs act together blood reservoirs during a hemorrhage? | spleen and also liver |
| This lymphatic organ is located in the mediastium. | Thymus gland |
| When go the thymus function at top levels? | only throughout childhood. The size of the thymus is largest during puberty. |
| In progressed age, the thymus is greatly replaced with ____. | fat |
| The thymus to produce hormones prefer thymosin. What walk thymosin do? | It programs the lymphocytes to carry out your roles. |
| Small masses the lymphoid tissue approximately the pharynx? | Tonsils |
| What is the purpose of the tonsils? | To trap and remove bacteria and also other international material |
| These are discovered in the wall of the tiny intestines and also resemble tonsils in structure. | peyer's patches |
| What does MALT was standing for? | Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue |
| What does malt tissue do? | It acts as a sentinel to safeguard respiratory and also digestive tracts |
| The innate defense system is additionally called the _______ defense system. | nonspecific |
| The adaptive defense system is likewise called the _______ system. | specific |
| What go the term species resistance refer to? | It describes the phenomenon in ~ the genetic attributes common come a specific kind of organism. |
| The an initial line of defense in nonspecific immune is surface membrane barriers. What does this include? | skin, rubber membranes, saliva, difficult mucous, HCl mountain in the stomach, ph and sebum of skin. |
| The second line the defense is nonspecific immunity. What cells and also chemicals are connected with this heat of defense? | phagocytes, organic killer cells, inflammatory response, and fever |
| What type of phagocytic cabinet is typically the an initial to arrive at the site of one injury? | neutrophil |
| What are the two types of anitmicrobial proteins? | complement and also interferon |
| What gland controls warm regulation for the body? | hypothalamus |
| Humoral immunity, additionally called antibody-mediated immune is lugged out by which type of lymphocyte? | B cells |
| Cellular immunity, additionally called cell-mediated immunity, is carried out by what kind of lymphocytes? | T-cells |
| What space some usual antigens? | nucleic acids, some lipids, pollen grains, and microorganisms |
| What room the two parts of the 3rd line the defense, also called the adaptive defense system? | Nonself antigen defense and self antigen defense |
| What reasons an allergy? | Many molecule (called haptens or incomplete antigens, link up v proteins in the body. The immune system might recognize this protein-hapten combination as foreign and also start to strike it. |
| What room some common chemicals that act together haptens? | they are discovered in poison ivy, animal dander, some detergents, hair dyes and also cosmetics. |
| What does the hatchet immunocompetent mean? | The cell becomes capable of responding come a details antigen |
| Where room lymphocytes made? | red bone marrow |
| Where do B cells end up being immunocompetent? | in bone marrow |
| Where do T cells end up being immunocompetent? | in the thymus |
| Once a lymphocyte is immunocompetent, it will certainly only have the ability to react come _____ unique antigen. | one |
| Lymphocytes become immunocompetent ____ meeting the antigen. | before |
| Monocytes to happen in the bone marrow and also develop into __________ in ~ 8 to 12 hrs of beginning tissues. | macrophages |
| When go activation the a B cell occur? | When over there is an encounter between an inactive B cell and also its specific antigen. |
| ___________ immunity occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies | active immunity |
| What room 2 ways energetic immunity can be acquired. | being exposed to the disease in the environment or artificially through a shot |
| ___________ immune occurs once antibodies are derived from someone else | passive |
| How deserve to passive immunity be normally acquired. | A mother's antibodies deserve to cross the placenta and also enter fetal circulation and also after birth during breastfeeding. |
| How have the right to passive immunity be acquired artificially? | from immune serum or gamma globulin |
| Antibodies are consisted of of 2 ___ chains and also 2 ___ chains, both that which room disulfide bonds | light, dark |
| A heavy chain of an antibody contains about _______ amino acids. | 400 |
| Type that antibody found mainly in mucus, saliva and tears | IgA |
| Type that antibody crucial in activation that B cell. | IgD |
| The only type of antibody that deserve to cross the placenta | IgG |
| Type of antibody that can fix complement | igM |
| type of antibody the is affiliated in allergies. | IgE |
| The transforming the antigens that space toxic into harmless cells is brought about when antibodies bind to specific sites top top bacteria or viruses and cause cabinet injury. This is known as ___________ | naturalization |
| When one antigen-antibody reaction reasons clotting this is referred to as ____________ | agglutination |
| When an antibody exposes a hidden match binding site and an antigen binding to this which causes a feet to form and water to sirloin in that is called. | complement |
| For a T cabinet to work, the antigen must have been presented to the T cabinet by a ___________. | macrophage |
| What room the four types of grafts? | autografts, isografts, allografts, and also xenografts |
| Tissue transplanted indigenous one website to an additional site ~ above the same person | autograft |
| tissue grafts taken native an unrelated person | allograft |
| tissue taken from an the same twin. | isograft |
| tissue taken from a different pet species | xenografts |
| This is essential to avoid rejection that tissue and also can encompass drugs, radiation, and also controlling inflammation. | immunosuppressive therapy |
| Allergies are additionally called ______ | hypersensitivity |
| Allergies are motivated by a release of _________ indigenous IgE binding come mast cells. | histamines |
| What are the effects of histamines? | cause little blood ship to come to be dilated and also leaky. It can lead to a runny nose, watery eyes, itching, hives, constriction that airways, and irregular love rhythms |
| What is anaphylatic shock? | Occurs when an allergen directly enters the blood and also rapidly circulates v the body |
| When symptoms occur 1-3 days after call with an antigen it is referred to as _______ | delayed hypersensitivity |
| How is delayed hypersensitivity treated? | with corticosteroid drugs |
| What space common species of delay hypersensitivity? | contact dermatitis (poison ivy), part cosmetic and deoderant chemicals as well as nickel. |
| What are some examples of autoimmune diseases? | multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, type I diabetes, rheumotoid arthritis, systemic lupus, reynaud's disease, |
Except for the _________ and also _________, the lymphoid organs are poorly arisen before birth.
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| thymus, spleen |
| What reasons autoimmune diseases? | inefficient lymphocyte programming, appearance of self-proteins in circulation that have actually not to be exposed to the immune system, cross-reaction of antitoxin produced against foreign antigens v self-antigens. |
